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Crofton formula : ウィキペディア英語版
Crofton formula
In mathematics, the Crofton formula, named after Morgan Crofton (1826–1915), is a classic result of integral geometry relating the length of a curve to the expected number of times a "random" line intersects it.
==Statement==
Suppose γ is a rectifiable plane curve. Given an oriented line ''l'', let ''n''γ(''l'') be the number of points at which γ and ''l'' intersect. We can parametrize the general line ''l'' by the direction φ in which it points and its signed distance ''p'' from the origin. The Crofton formula expresses the arc length of the curve γ in terms of an integral over the space of all oriented lines:
:\text (\gamma) = \frac14\iint n_\gamma(\varphi, p)\; d\varphi\; dp.
The differential form
:d\varphi\wedge dp
is invariant under rigid motions, so it is a natural integration measure for speaking of an "average" number of intersections.

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